St. Louis Globe-Democrat 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch 

St. Louis Magazine, May 1989, "The Bully of the Mob", by Ronald J. Lawrence

Farrell, Ronald A. and Carole Case – The Black Book and the Mob 1995 – University of Wisconsin Press

Kefauver, Estes – Crime in America 1951 – Doubleday & Company, Inc.

The following individuals contributed to this article:

Walter M. Fontane, organized crime historian

Ronald J. Lawrence, retired investigative journalist for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Barbara Miksicek, librarian for the St. Louis Police Library

Charles R. Molino, organized crime historian